Ecological census techniques a handbook / edited by William J. Sutherland

Incluye bibliografía e índice: páginas 411-432

List of contributors page.. Preface.. 1 Planning a research programme.. Introduction: reverse planning.. What is the specific question?.. What results are necessary to answer the questions?.. What data are needed to complete these analyses?.. What protocol is required to obtain these data?.. Can the data be collected in the time available?.. Modifying the planning in response to time available.. Creating data sheets.. Start and encounter reality.. 2 Principles of sampling.. Before one starts.. Objectives.. Know your organism.. Censuses and samples.. Know the reliability of your estimates.. Performing the calculations.. Sampling - the basics.. Defining sample units and the sampling frame.. The need for replication.. Ensuring that samples are representative.. Deviations from random.. The shape and size of sampling units.. Estimation of means and total population sizes.. The layout of samples.. Cluster sampling.. Multi-level sampling.. Stratified sampling.. Adaptive sampling.. Repeated counts at the same site.. Comparing two or more study areas.. Modelling spatial variation in numbers.. Surveillance and monitoring.. The difference between surveillance and monitoring.. Monitoring and adaptive management.. Sampling design for surveillance.. Describing long-term changes.. Alerts and indicators.. Planning and managing a monitoring programme.. References.. 3 General census methods.. Introduction.. Complete counts: páginas : general.. Not as easy as it seems.. Sampling the habitat.. Attempted complete enumeration.. Complete counts: páginas : plotless sampling.. Sample counts: páginas : mark-recapture methods.. Fundamentals of mark-recapture.. The two-sample method.. Multiple recaptures in closed populations.. Multiple recaptures in open populations.. The robust model.. What area does a trapping grid cover?.. Sample counts: páginas : some other methods based on trapping.. The removal method.. The change-in-ratio method

Simultaneous marking and recapture: the method of Wileyto et al. .. Continuous captures and recaptures: the Craig and du Feu method.. Passive distance sampling.. Sampling from the whole area.. Sample counts: páginas : 'mark-recapture' without capture.. Marking without capture.. Individual recognition without capture.. The double-observer method.. The double-survey method.. Subdivided point counts.. Sample counts: páginas : N-mixture models.. Sample counts: páginas : distance sampling.. General.. Line transects.. Point transects.. Passive distance sampling.. Sample counts: páginas : interception methods.. Point quadrats.. Line intercepts (cover.. Line intercepts (counts.. Sample counts: páginas : migrating animals.. Continuous migration.. Stop-over sites.. Population indices.. The idea of an index.. Overcoming variation in the index ratio.. Double sampling.. Frequency of occurrence.. Basics.. Managing the methodology.. Sampling strategy and statistical analysis for frequency of occurrence.. Subdivision of samples.. Appendix: software packages for population estimation.. Capture-recapture: closed populations.. Capture-recapture: open populations.. Ring-recovery models.. Multi-state models.. Observation-based methods.. References.. 4 Plants.. Introduction.. Counts.. Dafor.. Quadrats.. Point quadrats.. Transects.. Mapping terrestrial vegetation.. Mapping aquatic vegetation.. Seed traps.. Sampling of seedbanks.. Phytoplankton.. Benthic algae.. Marking and mapping individuals.. References.. 5 Invertebrates.. Introduction.. Direct searching and collecting.. Trapping.. Extraction from the substrate.. Storing, killing and preserving invertebrates.. Searching and direct observation (terrestrial and aerial.. Pitfall traps.. Sweep netting.. Vacuum sampling.. Beating.. Fogging.. Malaise traps.. Window or interception traps.. Water traps.. Light traps.. Other aerial attractants and traps.. Terrestrial emergence trap

Terrestrial emergence traps.. Digging and taking soil cores.. Litter samples and desiccation funnels.. Searching and direct observation (aquatic.. Pond netting.. Cylinder samplers.. Aquatic bait traps.. Aquatic emergence traps.. Digging, taking benthic cores and using grabs.. Kick sampling.. References.. 6 Fish.. Introduction.. Bankside counts.. Underwater observations.. Electric fishing.. Seine netting.. Trawling.. Lift, throw and push netting.. Hook and lining.. Gill netting.. Trapping.. Hydroacoustics.. Visual estimates of eggs.. Volumetric estimates of eggs.. Plankton nets for catching eggs.. Emergence traps for eggs.. References.. 7 Amphibians.. Introduction.. Recognising individuals.. Detection probability.. Drift netting.. Scan searching.. Netting.. Trapping.. Transect and patch sampling.. Removal studies.. Call surveys.. Using multiple methods.. Recording other data.. References.. 8 Reptiles.. Introduction.. Hand capturing.. Noosing.. Trapping.. Marking individuals.. References.. 9 Birds.. Introduction.. Listing methods.. Timed species counts.. Territory mapping.. Transects.. Line transects.. Point counts or point transects.. Correcting for differences in detection probabilities.. Capture techniques.. Catch per unit effort.. Capture-mark-recapture.. Counting nests in colonies.. Counting roosts.. Counting flocks.. Counting migrants.. Indirect methods of censusing.. Dropping counts.. Footprints and tracking strips.. Response to playback.. Vocal individuality.. References.. 10 Mammals.. Introduction.. Nesting or resting structures.. Bat roosts and nurseries.. Line transects.. Aerial surveys.. Individual recognition.. Counting calls.. Trapping.. Counting dung.. Feeding signs for herbivores.. Counting footprints and runways.. Hair tubes and hair catchers.. Counting seal colonies.. References.. 11 Environmental variables.. Introduction

Wind and water flow.. Wind.. Water flow.. Other kinds of water movement.. Rainfall.. Temperature.. Humidity.. pH.. Duration of sunshine.. Slope angles and height above shore.. Light.. Aquatic light.. Water turbidity.. Conductivity.. Salinity.. Preamble to water chemistry.. Dissolved oxygen.. Nitrogenous compounds.. Phosphorus compounds.. Water-testing kits.. Soil and sediment characteristics.. Redox potential.. Oxygen in soils and sediments.. References.. 12 The twenty commonest censusing sins.. Index

This is an updated version of the best selling first edition, Ecological Census Techniques, with updating, some new chapters and authors. Almost all ecological and conservation work involves carrying out a census or survey. This practically focussed book describes how to plan a census, the practical details and shows with worked examples how to analyse the results. The first three chapters describe planning, sampling and the basic theory necessary for carrying out a census. In the subsequent chapters international experts describe the appropriate methods for counting plants, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds. As many censuses also relate the results to environmental variability, there is a chapter explaining the main methods. Finally, there is a list of the most common mistakes encountered when carrying out a census. eng