This paper analyzes discrimination against young indigenous street venders in public spaces. Discrimination experiences are analyzed based on a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods and a review of 2010 census data. Results confirm that discrimination, harassment, segregation of public spaces, and extortion due to their ethnicity lead to indigenous marginalization in the city. Implications include the State assumption of young indigenous street vendors as a problem and its formulation of policies for the use of public space to justify their removal. For this, different data analysis techniques and different actors were included in order to have a broader vision of the phenomenon. Among its conclusions, it highlights that young indigenous street vendors relate work with acquiring a sense of responsibility, just as the State does not guarantee social welfare.

Conservation focuses on environmental objectives, but neglecting social concerns can lead to feelings of injustice among some actors and thus jeopardise conservation aims. Through a case study on a biodiversity conflict around jaguar management in Southern Mexico, we explored actors' feelings of injustice and their associated determinants. We employed a framework distinguishing four dimensions of justice: recognition, ecological, distributive and procedural. By conducting and analysing 235 interviews with farmers and ranchers, we investigated what drive their feeling of injustice, namely their perceptions of the injustice itself, individual characteristics and interactions with their environment. The participants selected 10 statements representing criteria characterizing their feeling of justice toward jaguar management, which they compared using pair-wise comparisons. A pioneering statistical analysis, BTLLasso, revealed that self-interest assumptions were not upheld; feelings of injustice were only weakly influenced by experience of depredation. Feelings of injustice were influenced mainly by factors related to actors' intra-and inter-group relationships (e.g. perception of collective responsibility, perceived coherence in the group to which they identified).

This nuanced understanding of how people build their perception of justice can inform fairer and more effective conservation approaches. Whilst details will be context specific, it emerged that building relationships and enabling debate over ecological responsibilities are important and conservation efforts should go beyond merely offering financial compensation. We conclude that perception of justice is a neglected but important aspect to include in integrative approaches to managing biodiversity conflicts, and that novel mixed methods can advance both conceptual and applied understanding in this area.

Structural characteristics and dominance patterns in mangroves have been linked to environmental, anthropogenic and ecophysiological factors. The Soconusco on the southern coast of the Mexican Pacific is an environmentally heterogeneous region, with high availability of freshwater and different degrees of impact. The goal of this study was to analyze the mangrove groups, including their structure and dominance pattern under the influence of eight environmental factors (salinity, flood level, pH, air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, and content of organic matter 0-30 cm, 0-60 cm). The characteristic physical features and caused by the impact were described for each group. Mangrove structure was evaluated considering a forest inventory conducted in 40 sampling units (300 m2 ). Density of live and standing dead trees, stumps and seedlings was estimated for 1ha. The dominance for each species was determined using the relative Importance Value. The identification of groups was carried out with ordination and classification routines. The species with the highest Importance Values were Rhizophora mangle (29.68%) and Laguncularia racemosa (27.33%). Comparatively, the general structure of mangroves in Soconusco in terms of density (2 792 steams ha-1), basal area (36.5 m2 ha-1) and height (15.5 m) is greater than in other areas of the Mexican Pacific coast. Classification of vegetation data, based on the Relative Importance Value Index, defined five mangrove groups. Outstanding is the presence of a community dominated by Pachira aquatica. The highest density of trees and stumps was recorded in Conocarpus erectus grouping, while the highest density of seedlings was in Avicennia germinans grouping. 86.3% of sampled trees present ≤ 17.7cm diameter at breast height. The variables that correlate significantly with the axis 2 of the ordination biplot were organic matter (30-60 cm), salinity and flood level.

Canonical Discriminant Analysis corroborated the differences between mangrove groups, with the first two canonical axes explaining 89.05% of the variation in the data. The community composition varied associated with physical and environmental conditions, and were structurally defined by basal area, crown diameter, height and density, as well as by factors that can be associated with an anthropic impact such as stump and seedling densities. It is recommended to consider the characteristics of each mangrove group to plan their management.

Human migration to and from rural areas is so prominent and persistent globally that land system science must understand how the movement of people is integral to land system transitions both at the origin of migration and at its destination. With a focus on Latin America, we review research on how land change affects migration and how migration affects land systems, to demonstrate that the relationship is complex and context-specific. Various types of migration evidence the challenges of managing land for multiple goals and the needs of diverse groups. A perspective that connects land change in multiple locations is needed. In particular, concepts of telecoupling and translocality can help to further understanding of how globalized economic systems link changes across distant places and capture the economic and non-economic processes that accompany migration and shape land change in multiple, connected locations. Land systems research must anticipate that migration will continue to contribute to complex land systems with multiple users and goals.

Human migration plays a critical role in numerous contemporary environmental concerns including global climate change and environmental justice. This review characterizes the ways migration is critical to contemporary human–environment geography. We delineate four themes from the literature based on (a) how migration affects the environment; (b) how the environment and/or environmental events affect migration; (c) how migration produces uneven environmental benefits and burdens; and (d) how environmental displacement/dispossession produces migration andvice versa. We articulate five recommendations for aresearch agenda that integrates migration processes, recognizes migration as a heterogeneous process, and approaches human–environment interactions holisticallyand non-deterministically.

Smallholders worldwide continue to experience processes of displacement from their lands under neoliberal political-economic governance. This displacement is often experienced as “slow”, driven by decades of agricultural policies and land governance regimes that favor input-intensive agricultural and natural resource extraction and export projects at the expense of traditional agrarian practices, markets, and producers. Smallholders struggle to remain viable in the face of these forces, yet they often experience hunger. To persist on the land, often on small parcels, families supplement and finance farm production with family members engaging in labor migration, a form of displacement. Outcomes, however, are uneven and reflect differences in migration processes as well as national and local political economic processes around land. To demonstrate “slow displacement”, we assess the prolonged confluence of land access, hunger, and labor migration that undermine smallholder viability in two separate research sites in Nicaragua and Guatemala. We draw on evidence from in-depth interviews and focus groups carried out from 2013 to 2015, together with a survey of 317 households, to demonstrate how smallholders use international labor migration to address persistent hunger, with the two cases illuminating the centrality of underlying land distribution questions in labor migration from rural spaces of Central America. We argue that smallholder farming family migration has a dual nature: migration is at once evidence of displacement, as well as a strategy for families to prolong remaining on the land in order to produce food.

Research on Central American migration has revealed the importance of journeys to the global North for rural sending communities. The outcomes of south–south journeys to nearby countries are less explored, although they are commonplace. We examine Nicaraguan rural residents’ migration to other Central American countries, especially El Salvador, to understand this migration's impacts on agricultural systems and food security. Based on mixed‐methods fieldwork in north‐western Nicaragua, we find that rather than produce remittance landscapes, or an abandonment of agriculture, south–south migration is linked to the maintenance of small‐scale agricultural systems and thus food production. “Subsistence migration,” or mobility to maintain small‐scale agriculture as a food security strategy, draws attention to how these less explored forms of migration in Central America help families to persist in agriculture in a context of worsening environmental and structural conditions.